የአስተዳደር ጉባኤ ስምና ትርጓሜ

የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ

የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ (Administrative Tribunal) ከመደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት ውጭ ያለ ገለልተኛ የዳኝነት አካል ነው፡፡ ከተግባራዊ እይታ አንፃር ከመደበኛ ፍርድ ቤትና ከአስተዳደር መስሪያ ቤት ከፊል ባህሪያትን ይጋራል፡፡ ሁለት ባህሪያትን በአንድ ጊዜ ቀይጦ በመያዙ ሙሉ በሙሉ ‘እዚህ ወይም እዚያ’ ብሎ መፈረጅ ይከብዳል፡፡ ከፊል ጎኑ አስተዳደራዊ ከፊሉ ደግሞ ዳኝነታዊ በመሆኑ ቁርጥ ያለ መደብ የለውም፡፡^a

ይህን ድርብ መልኩን የሚያንፀባርቅ ትርጓሜ ከማየታችን በፊት ‘የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ’ የሚለው አገላለጽ ከቋንቋ አጠቃቀም አንጻር በዚህ መጽሐፍና በሌሎች አገራት ግልጋሎት ላይ የዋለበትን መንገድ በጥቂቱ ማውሳት ያስፈልጋል፡፡ በአገራችን በተለምዶ ‘የአስተዳደር ፍርድ ቤት’ ስንል በእንግሊዝ፣ በአውስትራሊያና በሌሎች አገራት Administrative Tribunal በመባል የሚታወቀውን ከላይ የተጠቀሰውን ከመደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት ውጭ ያለ አስተዳደራዊ ክርክሮችን ለመዳኘት የተቋቋመ አካል ማለታችን ነው፡፡ ሆኖም አማርኛውን ከእንግሊዝኛው ጋር ስናዛምደው የአስተዳደር ፍርድ ቤት እና Administrative Tribunal አቻ መልዕክት አያስተላልፉም፡፡ የአስተዳደር ፍርድ ቤትን በትክክል የሚገልጸው እንግሊዝኛ Administrative Court ሲሆን የእንግሊዝኛውን ‘Administrative Tribunal’ የሚወክል የአማርኛ ቃል ደግሞ ‘የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ ነው፡፡

Administrative Court በእንግሊዝ አጣሪ ዳኝነት ስልጣን ያለውን የከፍተኛውን ፍርድ ቤት የሚጠቁም ሲሆን ‘የአስተዳደር’ የሚለው ቅጥያ የተጨመረበት በአጣሪ ዳኝነት (Judicial Review) ስልጣኑ እንጂ ከአስተዳደሩ (ከስራ አስፈፃሚው) የመንግስት አካል ጋር ቅርበት ሆነ ግንኙነት ስላለው አይደለም፡፡ ፍርድ ቤቱ ሙሉ በሙሉ መደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት ነው፡፡ በጀርመን ‘Administrative Court’ የሚለው መጠሪያ ከታች ወደ ላይ ራሳቸውን ችለው ከተቋቋሙት አምስት^b ዓይነት መደበኛ ፍርድ ቤቶች መካከል አንደኛው ነው፡፡^c ወደ ፈረንሳይ ስንመጣ Administrative Court በብዙ መልኩ ‘ፀጉረ-ልውጥ’ ፍርድ ቤት ነው፡፡ በአወቃቀሩ የሥራ አስፈፃሚው አካል ሲሆን በዳኝነት ተግባሩ ከመደበኛው ፍ/ቤት ጋር የሚስተካከል ነጻነት ያለው ገለልተኛ የዳኝነት ተቋም ነው፡፡ በአደረጃጀቱ የወንጀልና የፍትሐብሔር ጉዳዮችን እንደሚያዩት መደበኛ ፍርድ ቤቶች የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ፣ የይግባኝ ሰሚ እና የሰበር ስልጣን ያላቸው የፍርድ ቤት ሰንሰለቶች አሉት፡፡

በዚህ መጽሐፍ ‘የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ’ የሚለው አገላለጽ ጥቅም ላይ የዋለው በእንግሊዝ፣ በጀርመንን አሊያም በፈረንሳይ ያለውን Administrative Court በማመልክት ሳይሆን በተቃራኒው የእንግሊዝኛውን Administrative Tribunal አቻ ትርጉም በመወከል ነው፡፡

ወደ ትርጓሜው ስንመጣ ምሁራን ከተግባራቱ አንጻር በሚከተለው መልኩ ገልጸውታል፡፡

Broadly, a tribunal is an adjudicative body, empowered to hear and decide disputes in particular circumstances. Tribunals are sometimes referred to as court substitutes, in that they have the power to make legally enforceable decisions, but they are regarded as having the advantages over courts of speed, cheapness, informality, and expertise.^d

Tribunal ቃሉ ሲተረጎም ‘ችሎት’ ወይም ‘ዳኛው የሚያስችልበት ቦታ’ (seat of the judge)፣ ጉባዔ፣ ሸንጎ ማለት ነው፡፡ ስለሆነም የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ (Administrative Tribunal) ማለት በህግ ተለይተው የተደነገጉ የአስተዳደር ክርክሮችን ሰምቶ የመወሰን ስልጣን ያለው የዳኝነት አካል ማለት ነው፡፡ በስልጣኑ ስር የሚያያቸው ጉዳዮች በዋነኛነት በግለሰብና በመንግስት መካከል የሚነሱ ክርክሮችን ቢሆንም አልፎ አልፎ በግለሰቦች መካከል የሚፈጠሩ ክርክሮችን (ለምሳሌ የአሠሪና ሠራተኛ ጉዳይ ወሳኝ ቦርድ) ይዳኛል፡፡