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Showing posts with label CONSTITUTION LAW. Show all posts
Showing posts with label CONSTITUTION LAW. Show all posts

Dec 23, 2020

PROCEDURE IN CASES OF PETTY OFFENCES


Procedure in Cases of Petty Offences

(1) Where a petty offence has been committed, the public or private prosecutor shall apply to the court having jurisdiction to summon the accused to appear.


(2) The application and the summons shall contain the name of the accused, the circumstances of the petty offence committed and the law and articles of the law to be applied.

The accused may return the summons to the court endorsing thereon that he pleads guilty to such offence. Such endorsement shall be dated and signed by the accused. In such a case and without prejudice to the provisions of Art.189 (3), he shall be dispensed with the necessity of appearing in court in answer to the summons.


(1) On receipt of the summons so endured, the court shall record the plea of guilty and, having ascertained the facts of the case from the prosecutor, shall sentence the accused and send him a copy of the judgment.
(2) Where the court proposed to impose a fine only, it shall do so forth with
(3) Where the court intends to impose a sentence of arrest, compulsory labor, a warning or reproof, it shall summon the accused to appear and shall give the accused an opportunity to defend himself before sentence is passed.

Art.170-procedure where accused appears before the court charge with petty offence.

(1) Where the accused does not endorse on the summons that he pleads guilty, he shall appear on the day and at the time fixed for the hearing.


(2) The prosecutor and the accused shall take such steps as are necessary to secure the attendance of their witnesses, if any.


(3) The procedure shall be oral. The court shall only record the salient part of the evidence of each witness. It shall give judgment orally recording briefly the reasons for its judgment and mentioning the provisions of the law under which judgment is given.

(4) Where the accused fails without good cause to appear in private proceedings the court shall give judgment forthwith.

ስልጣንና ተግባር

ስልጣንና ተግባር
የአስተዳደር ጉባዔዎች የዳኝነት የስልጣን ክልል (Judicial Jurisdiction) ጠባብና በህግ ተለይተው በተጠቀመጡ ውሱን ጉዳዮች ላይ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው፡፡ በአንጻሩ መደበኛ ፍ/ቤቶች እርስ በርሳቸው የይዘት ቅርበትና ዝምድና የሌላቸውን የተለያዩ የህግ ክፍሎችን የሚመለከቱ ዘርፈ ብዙ ጉዳዮች ላይ የዳኝነት ስልጣን አላቸው፡፡ ጠባብ የሆነው የዳኝነት ስልጣን ልዩ እውቀትን በማጐልበት ረገድ የጐላ አሰተዋጽኦ ያበረክታል፡፡ ለምሳሌ የአሰሪና ሰራተኛ ጉዳይ ወሳኝ ቦርድ የዳኝነት ስልጣን በአሰሪና ሰራተኛ መካከል በሚነሱ የወል የስራ ክርክሮች ላይ ብቻ ነው፡፡a የታክስ ይግባኝ ኮሚሽን እንዲሁ የግብር አሰባሰብና ጉምሩክን የሚመለከቱ ጉዳዮችን ብቻ የሚያይ ሲሆን የማህበራዊ ዋስትና ይግባኝ ሰሚ ጉባኤ ከጡረታ መብትና ጥቅም ጋር በተያያዘ የዳኝነት ስልጣን አለው፡፡
ምንም እንኳን የጉባዔዎች የዳኝነት ስልጣን በጥቅሉ ሲቀመጥ ጠባብ ቢመስልም በስራቸው ከሚወድቁት ጉዳዮች ብዛትና ከሚነሱት ጭብጦች ዓይነት አንጻር ስልጣናቸው ትንሽ የሚባል አይደለም፡፡ ለአብነት ያህል የማህበራዊ ዋስትና ይግባኝ ሰሚ ጉባኤ ምንም እንኳን የስልጣኑ ክልል የጡረታ መብትና ጥቅም የሚመለከቱ ጉዳዮች ቢሆንም ጉባዔው በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ያለ ማንኛውም ጡረተኛ የሚያቀርበውን ይግባኝ ስለሚሰማ በአይነት ሆነ በቁጥር በርካታ ጉዳዮችን ያስተናግዳል፡፡
ከዳኝነት ስልጣን በተጨማሪ በክርክሩ ሂደት የሚኖረው ስልጣን ከባህርያቱ አንጻር መጠቀስ ያለበት ጉዳይ ነው፡፡ የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ ከፊል የዳኝነት አካል እንደ መሆኑ ከሞላ ጐደል መደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት የሚኖሩትን ስልጣንና ተግባራት ይጋራል፡፡ ስለሆነም በማቋቋሚያ አዋጅ ላይ ተለይቶ በግልፅ ቢመለከትም ባይመለከትም እንደ ማንኛውም ፍ/ቤት ተከራካሪ ወገኖችና ምስክሮች እንዲቀርቡ ወይም ቃላቸውን እንዲሰጡ የማድረግ፣ የመሀላ ወይም የማረጋገጫ ቃል የመቀበል፣ ለክርክሩ በማስረጃነት አስፈላጊ የሆኑ ሰነዶች ከሚመለከተው ሰው ወይም ድርጅት እንዲቀርቡ የማድረግ ብሎም በማናቸውም ድርጅት ውስጥ ገብቶ አስፈላጊ መረጃዎችን የመሰብሰብና ምስክሮችን የመስማት የመሳሰሉ ተግባራትን ለማከናወን ስልጣን አለው፡፡ በተጨማሪም በክርክሩ ወቅት የሚያስተላልፋቸው ትእዛዞችና ውሳኔዎች አስገዳጅ ተፈጻሚነት አላቸው፡፡
የእነዚህ ባህሪያት መኖር ከመደበኛ ፍ/ቤት ጋር በተያያዘ ለሚነሱ ሁለት ጭብጦች የጠራ መልስ ይሰጠናል፡፡ የመጀመሪያው በክርክር ሂደት ፍ/ቤት የመድፈር ውጤትን ይመለከታል፡፡ የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ በያዘው ጉዳይ ላይ በክርክር ወቅት የፍ/ቤት መድፈር ወንጀል በተፈጸመ ጊዜ እንደ መደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት ወዲያውኑ ቅጣት ማስተላለፍ ይችላል? ለሚለው ጥያቄ ዳኝነታዊ የሆነው ባህርዩ አዎንታዊ መልስ ይሰጠናል፡፡ በወንጀል ህግ አንቀጽ 449 ላይ የተመለከተው ፍ/ቤትን የመድፈር ወንጀል ከሚያቋቁሙት ህጋዊ ክፍሎች መካከል በድንጋጌው ላይ ከተመለከቱት ድርጊቶች መኖር በተጨማሪ ድርጊቱ በፍ/ቤት፣ ምርመራ ወይም የዳኝነት ስራ በሚከናወንበት ወቅት መሆን አለበት፡፡ የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ በከፊልም ቢሆን ዳኝነታዊ ስልጣን ያለው የዳኝነት አካል እንደመሆኑ የጉባዔው ዳኛ ላይ ማፌዝ፣ መዛት፣ መሳደብ ወይም በማናቸውም መንገድ ስራውን ማወክ የፍ/ቤት የመድፈር ወንጀል ነው፡፡ ስለሆነም ድርጊቱ በተፈፀመ ጊዜ ዳኛው ወዲያውኑ በጥፋተኛው ላይ ቅጣት ሊወስንበት ይችላል፡፡
በሁለተኛነት ተያይዞ የሚነሳው ጭብጥ በጉባዔ ፊት ሀሰተኛ ቃል ወይም ምስክርነት መስጠት በወንጀል የማስቀጣቱ ሁኔታ ነው፡፡ በወንጀል ህግ አንቀጽ 425 እና 453 ላይ ተከራካሪ ወገን የሚሰጠው ሀሰተኛ ቃል እና ሀሰተኛ የምስክርነት ቃል፣ አስተያየት ወይም ትርጉም በመደበኛ ፍ/ቤት ፊት ብቻ ሳይሆን የዳኝነት ነክ ስልጣን ባለው አካል ፊት የተፈፀመ ከሆነ በወንጀል ያስቀጣል፡፡ ምንም እንኳን የወንጀል ህጉ በግልፅ ስለ አስተዳደር ጉባዔ ባያወራም ‘የዳኝነት ነክ ስልጣን ያለው አካል’ ከፊል የዳኝነት ስልጣን ያለውን የአስተዳደር ጉባዔን እንደሚጨምር ግልፅ ነው፡፡

የፍትሐዊ ውሳኔ አሰጣጥ መርሆዎች

ከስነ-ስርዓት

 አካሄድ አንጻር ውሳኔ ሰጪ የሆነ የመንግስት አካል በቅን ልቦና ተመርቶ አድሎአዊ ያልሆነ ውሳኔ መስጠትና ከሁሉም በላይ በውሳኔው መብቱ ወይም ጥቅሙ ሊነካ ለሚችል ለማንኛውም ግለሰብ ከውሳኔው በፊት የመሰማት መብቱን ሊጠብቅለት ይገባል፡፡
የአስተዳደር ውሳኔ ፍትሐዊነት በዋነኛነት ሁለት መሰረታዊ መርሆዎችን ያቅፋል፡፡ አንደኛው የመሰማት መብት ሲሆን (The right to fair hearing) በላቲን audi alteram partem ተብሎ ሲጠራ አንዳንዴ ‘ተቃራኒውን ወገን ሰማው’ ወይም ‘ማንም ሰው መከላከያው ሳይሰማ እርምጃ ሊወሰድበት አይገባም’ (no one should be condemned unheard) በሚል ይገለጻል፡፡a
ሁለተኛው የኢ-አድሎአዊነት መርህ (The rale against bias) ነው፡፡ በላቲን nemo judex in causa sua የሚለውን የህግ አባባል / legal maxim/ ይወክላል፡፡ ወደ አማርኛው ስንመልሰው ‘አንድ ሰው በራሱ ጉዳይ ራሱ ዳኛ ሊሆን አይገባም’ የሚል መልዕክት አለው፡፡b በእንግሊዝ እነዚህ ሁለት መርሆዎች ‘የተፈጥሮ ፍትሕ’ የሚባለውን በዳኞች የዳበረ ፅንሰ ሀሳብ የሚወክሉ ሲሆን የህጉ የመሰረት ድንጋይ ተደርገው ይቆጠራሉ፡፡

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Criminal Procedure Code 6/2013 PDF by ሕግ እና ፍትህ on Scribd

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የወንጀል ቅጣት አወሳሰን መመሪያ ቁ 2/ 2006 PDF-Revised Federal Supereme Court s No 2/2006 by ሕግ እና ፍትህ on Scribd